Short Answer 
The Nanjing Massacre in 1937 resulted in the deaths of around 300,000 Chinese civilians and POWs due to extreme violence by Japanese soldiers, driven by a culture of brutality instigated by their commanders. While various factors have been suggested to explain the massacre, the primary responsibility lies with the military leadership that encouraged such atrocities, emphasizing the importance of acknowledging and holding accountable for historical events.
Step 1: Understanding the Nanjing Massacre
The Nanjing Massacre, occurring in 1937, was a horrific event during which approximately 300,000 Chinese civilians and prisoners of war were killed by Japanese soldiers. This tragedy is marked by its extreme brutality and the scale of violence inflicted on innocent people. To comprehend this event, it’s crucial to recognize the historical context and the factors that allowed such atrocities to transpire.
Step 2: Analyzing the Contributing Factors
Several factors contributed to the violence evident during the Nanjing Massacre. While the suggestions that civilians attacked first or that soldiers panicked due to inexperience were put forward, they hold little weight. The most significant factor remains the atmosphere of brutality encouraged by Japanese commanders, who pushed their soldiers toward extreme violence. Key points include:
- Ruthless Commanders: Evidence indicates that Japanese higher-ups actively supported and urged brutal actions.
- Inexperienced Soldiers: While some soldiers were inexperienced, many were veterans familiar with warfare.
- Pressure from Chinese Forces: Although there may have been military pressure, it does not excuse mass murder of civilians.
Step 3: Conclusion on Responsibility for the Atrocities
In conclusion, the most credible explanation for the Nanjing Massacre lies in the manner in which Japanese commanders fostered an environment ripe for violence. This did not just lead to sporadic incidents but to widespread acts of brutality against civilians. The implications of such a military approach extend beyond this event, highlighting the need for accountability and acknowledgment of historical atrocities.